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\pard 
{\plain \b Communicating: Language and Society}{\plain \par
}{\plain \par
}{\plain Communication\par
}{\plain \tab Verbal (today\'92s lecture on language), but also by using Body, Objects, Space\par
}{\plain \par
}{\plain Language\par
}\pard \fi-720\li1440 
{\plain Distinguished from a call system by use of arbitrary symbols (culturally agreed-upon 
meanings for sounds that are not like the thing they describe) although non-human 
primates can master symbolic language (the chimp Koko, others) but not speak\par
}\pard 
{\plain \par
}\pard \fi-720\li1440 
{\plain Language origins long debated, but due to language\'92s characteristics (performative and 
ephemeral, like dance) and the difficulty of connecting language with durable 
physical characteristics (except for the hyoid bone) a definitive answer not likely\par
}\pard 
{\plain \par
}\pard \fi-720\li1440 
{\plain What is clear is that the activities of our human ancestors, at least since }{\plain \ul H. erectus}{\plain  times, 
would have required some sort of sophisticated communication system to indicate 
abstract concepts such as time, distance, longing, intent, etc\par
}\pard 
{\plain \par
}\pard \fi-720\li1440 
{\plain Language history (of the more recent sort) is considerably easier.  Termed }{\plain \i historical 
linguistics}{\plain , the relationships between languages can be discerned through 
comparison.  }{\plain \i Glottochronology}{\plain  studies the rate of linguistic change to derive 
approximate dates for when languages split from one another (e.g., Latin into 
French, Spanish, Italian)\par
}\pard 
{\plain \par
}\pard \fi-720\li1440 
{\plain Language change occurs all the time (slang, regional dialects, borrowing from other 
languages).  An example of English language change is Chaucer\'92s fourteenth 
century English }{\plain \i Canterbury Tales}{\plain  \'93whan that Aprille...\'94\par
}\pard 
{\plain \par
}{\plain \tab The most highly conserved words among human languages are:\par
}\pard \li1440 
{\plain I/me, you, two, who, language, name, eye, heart, tooth, no/not, fingernail/toenail, 
louse/nit, water, tear(drop), death, hand, night, blood, horn (animal), full, sun, ear, 
salt.\par
}\pard 
{\plain \par
}\pard \fi-720\li1440 
{\plain An example of conservation: }{\plain \i ouche}{\plain  (Fr) from }{\plain \i olca}{\plain  (Celtic) from }{\plain \i oc*}{\plain  (Indo-European) 
\'93terre de bonne qualite\'94 a good parcel of land near a dwelling for overflow 
gardening and keeping small or sick animals [read about }{\plain \i ouches}{\plain  on the class 
website in the article \'93From Garden to Globe\'94 under Handouts]\par
}\pard 
{\plain \par
}\pard \fi-720\li1440 
{\plain Identity is transmitted in great measure by language, and people let their language stand 
for much else in the culture; thus language, dialect, accent, and speech are}{\plain \i  always}{\plain  
political and have power (speaker\'92s language choice among potentially usable 
languages, the power of an accent to telegraph to the listener the speaker\'92s class, 
gender, ethnicity, etc)\par
}\pard 
{\plain \par
}\pard \fi-720\li1440 
{\plain The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is that language predisposes people to see the world in a 
certain way and guides their thinking and behavior (example: \'91sustainable\'92 works 
in English to characterize a renewable resource like agricultural land or wind 
power but not in French: not }{\plain \i sustentable}{\plain  from}{\plain \i  sustenter}{\plain  (\'91support\'92) but rather  
}{\plain \i l\'92entretien du paysage, durable}{\plain )\par
}\pard 
{\plain \par
}\pard \fi-720\li1440 
{\plain These subtle but important differences makes understanding another language challenging 
(some examples discussed in class: AIDS/}{\plain \i SIDA, preservatif, je suis pleine/c\'92est 
suffit}{\plain )\par
}\pard 
{\plain \par
}\pard \fi-720\li1440 
{\plain Another example, this time at the dialectical level,  is }{\plain \i code switching}{\plain , the smooth 
movement from one dialect to another in different circumstances; includes 
grammar and syntax, word choice, tone, volume, gendered speech differences, etc 
(examples are Cockney/Public School British English, Parisian/regional French 
dialects, NC dialects: }{\plain \b Kerr}{\plain ville but }{\plain \b Carr }{\plain Mill and }{\plain \b Kerr}{\plain  Drugs, roof, Carolinian 
pronounced Caro}{\plain \b leen}{\plain ian, orange, tomato/\'92mater, etc)\par
}\pard 
{\plain \par
}\pard \fi-720\li1440 
{\plain Studies of male/female communication show that, in general, }{\plain \b women }{\plain ask questions, keep 
the conversation going with verbal and non-verbal responses, protest using silence; 
}{\plain \b men }{\plain interrupt more, challenge more, more direct declarations of fact and opinion\par
}\pard 
{\plain \par
}\pard \fi-720\li1440 
{\plain Phoneme=A minimally distinct }{\plain \b sound}{\plain  in the context of a particular spoken language. For 
example, in American English, /p/ and /b/ are distinct phonemes because pat and 
bat are distinct; however, the two different sounds of /t/ in tick and stick are not 
distinct in English, even though they are distinct in other languages such as Thai. \par
}\pard \fi-720\li1440 
{\plain Morpheme= the smallest contrastive }{\plain \b unit of grammar}{\plain . A minimally distinctive unit of 
meaning in the context of a particular language. For example, cats consists of two 
morphemes: cat and -s, the plural suffix. The -s is called a bound form while cat is 
a free (or stand alone) form. dogs also has the -s but it is pronounced /z/. \par
}\pard 
{\plain \par
}\pard \fi-720\li1440 
{\plain Phonetics= study of the production, transmission, and reception of speech sounds\par
}\pard 
{\plain \par
}{\plain \tab Phonology=study of rules (grammar)\tab \par
}{\plain \par
}\pard \fi-2880\li1440\tx720\tx1440 
{\plain \tab \tab Signal= self-evident meaning.  To communicate silently and non-verbally by signals or 
signs; "He signed his disapproval with a dismissive hand gesture"; "The diner 
signaled the waiters to bring the menu" \par
}\pard 
{\plain \par
}{\plain \tab Symbol= stands for something else.  Nixon\'92s V is an example, but all language(s) symbolic}}