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\pard \hyphpar0 
{\plain \lang1036 }{\plain \b How are Societies Organized?  Commonalities across Time and Space}{\plain \par
}{\plain \par
}{\plain Can Indians of different castes (such as Brahmins and Untouchables) marry?  Can Sudanese 
women divorce their husbands?  Do Inuit (Eskimo) couples live with the wife or the husband\'92s 
family?  Can women marry women in Kenya?  You may wish to browse the worldwide database 
which may be found in the Human Relations Area Files http://www.yale.edu/hraf/ \par
}{\plain \par
}{\plain \b Sex}{\plain  (biologically attributed) and\par
}{\plain \b Gender}{\plain  (socially attributed): \par
}{\plain \tab Culture- specific distinctions made on the basis of practical issues and power relations \par
}{\plain \tab \tab (ex. Cheyenne berdache; \'91womens\'92 and \'91mens\'92 professions);\par
}\pard \fi-720\li1440\hyphpar0 
{\plain What is the history of Gender Roles?\par
}\pard \fi-720\li2160\hyphpar0 
{\plain Egalitarian societies value/valued women and men equally through most of human 
history\par
}\pard \fi-720\li2160\hyphpar0 
{\plain Evidence of womens\'92 subordination first appears in the archaeological record in 
the early Bronze Age in Europe (about 5000 years ago)\par
}\pard \hyphpar0 
{\plain \tab \tab Related to new economic roles in socially stratified societies\par
}{\plain \tab \tab Associated with the appearance of states (see info on states on Thursday Oct 21)\par
}\pard \fi-720\li2160\hyphpar0 
{\plain Accompanied by dualistic thinking that attributes behavioral differences to biology 
and not culture (exs. are domesticity/ wildness, pure/ impure, powerful/ 
powerless); this thinking is like arguments that support racism\par
}\pard \fi-720\li2160\hyphpar0 
{\plain Motivated by states\'92 attempts to control fertility (the means of RE-production) and 
thus facilitate state control over labor, inheritance, military service, etc\par
}\pard \hyphpar0 
{\plain \par
}{\plain \b Age}{\plain \par
}\pard \fi-720\li1440\hyphpar0 
{\plain Traditionally, age has been associated with greater wisdom and this \'93knowledge-authority\'94 was recognized with special treatment.  \par
}\pard \fi-720\li1440\hyphpar0 
{\plain Contemporary society undermines this in several ways (ex. rapid technological change, the 
spatial and social distancing of older members from younger members of the 
society)\par
}\pard \hyphpar0 
{\plain \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \par
}{\plain \b Kinship and the Family}{\plain \par
}{\plain \tab these basic social units vary in composition and structure, but all societies have them\par
}{\plain \tab \tab basic reproduction and inheritance unit\par
}{\plain \tab \tab support (economic, social, emotional, moral, etc)\par
}{\plain \tab \tab protects children\par
}{\plain \par
}{\plain \b Marriage}{\plain \par
}{\plain \tab \tab a domestic partnership found throughout the world\par
}\pard \fi-720\li2160\hyphpar0 
{\plain a human universal, although the forms and rules vary  \par
}\pard \fi-720\li2160\hyphpar0 
{\plain examples: \'91woman marriage\'92 among the Kipsigis of Kenya, levirate (woman 
marries brothers) and sororate (man marries sisters)\par
}\pard \fi-720\li2160\hyphpar0 
{\plain imposes rules of sexual access, ensures children are provided for, clarifies 
inheritance rules\par
}\pard \fi-720\li2160\hyphpar0 
{\plain exogamy (marriage outside the community) and /endogamy (marriage within the 
community)\par
}\pard \fi-720\li2160\hyphpar0 
{\plain descent and residence: matrilineal/matrilocal, patrilineal/patrilocal, bi-lineal/bi-local\par
}\pard \hyphpar0 
{\plain \tab \tab polygyny (more than one wife) and polyandry (more than one husband)\par
}\pard \fi-720\li2160\hyphpar0 
{\plain ex: American weddings. Who escorts, gives the bride away, pays, vows, counsels, 
attends, controls the money, inherits?  Answers to these questions vary 
widely around the world\par
}\pard \hyphpar0 
{\plain \par
}\pard \fi-720\li720\hyphpar0 
{\plain }{\plain \b Common interests and identities}{\plain  (ethnicity, community, politics, religion, etc)\par
}\pard \hyphpar0 
{\plain \par
}{\plain \b Status}{\plain \par
}{\plain \tab standing in society relative to others within one\'92s group\par
}{\plain \tab \tab ascribed (at birth) (ex. the UK royal family)\par
}{\plain \tab \tab achieved (won through merit) (ex. Abraham Lincoln among US presidents)\par
}{\plain \b \par
}\pard \fi-720\li720\hyphpar0\tx720 
{\plain \b Class}{\plain  \tab \par
}\pard \hyphpar0 
{\plain \tab broad categories of economic status and social position\par
}\pard \fi-720\li1440\hyphpar0 
{\plain elaborate systems of learned behavior that form around core values (ex: simplicity and 
directness vs. elaborated ritual and diplomacy\par
}\pard \fi-720\li1440\hyphpar0 
{\plain caste (in which social class is ascribed at birth and is the same as the birth family) contrasts 
with the fluid US class system which promises upward mobility through education, 
wealth acquisition, etc\par
}\pard \hyphpar0 
{\plain \par
}{\plain \b Role}{\plain \par
}{\plain \tab function in society \par
}{\plain \tab \tab both in kinship (mother, uncle, daughter, nephew, etc)\par
}{\plain \tab \tab and in occupation (firefighter, lawyer, sanitation worker)\par
}{\plain \tab individuals have multiple roles in society\par
}{\plain \par
}{\plain \b Rank}{\plain \par
}{\plain \tab position in a hierarchy (ex. US military)\par
}{\plain \par
}}