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\pard \qc 
{\plain \b }{\plain \b\fs32 Non_Microwave Dinners: Spear, Trap, Hoe, Harness}{\plain \par
}\pard 
{\plain \par
}{\plain \b I. }{\plain \b\ul Important definitions}{\plain \b :}{\plain \par
}{\plain \par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain \b Ecology}{\plain  - the study of the dialectical (reciprocal) relationship between humans and their 
environment.\par
}\pard 
{\plain \b \par
}{\plain \b \tab Landscape}{\plain  - the material manifestation of human-environment relations through time.\par
}{\plain \b \par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain \b Historical ecology}{\plain  - the study of human ecology through time. Typical studies include 
reconstructing past environments and detecting earlier ecological relationships from 
material culture (e.g., archaeology), documents, and environmental indicators (such as tree 
rings, etc).  Concerned with contemporary sustainability and the depletion of resources.  \par
}\pard 
{\plain \par
}{\plain \b II. }{\plain \b\ul Human Subsistence Techniques}{\plain \b :}{\plain \par
}{\plain \par
}{\plain (A)  Gathering - \par
}{\plain \tab (1) Oldest and most persistent method of human subsistence. \par
}{\plain \tab (2) Mobile social unit composed of base camps and outlier resource collection points.\par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (3) Elders\'92 knowledge of landscape of great importance.\par
}\pard 
{\plain \tab (4) Most diverse, and provides the widest variety of foodstuffs (more than 1000 species).\par
}{\plain \tab (5) Diversity ensures durability, as shortfalls are easily replaced by substitute resources.\par
}{\plain \tab (6) Supports low population densities, usually over large areas.\par
}{\plain \tab (7) Best conserves environmental resources.\par
}{\plain \par
}{\plain (B)  Hunting -\par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (1) \'93Man the hunter\'94 model (that meat was the main element in diet) not well supported. 
Rarely the primary source of food stuffs.\par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (2) Hunting important as cultural adaptation to Pleistocene \'93Ice Ages\'94. Core subsistence 
strategy of some modern peoples around the polar regions.\par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (3) Important source of necessary protein, but more often of small, not big game. \par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (4) Supports low population densities over usually large areas.\par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (5) Unconstrained hunting causes species extinction (e.g. American mammoth by 4000 
BC, and Eastern woodland buffalo over 2000 years ago Western buffalo in the 19}{\plain \super th}{\plain  
century). \par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain \par
}\pard 
{\plain (C)  Fishing - \par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (1) Important source of storable protein.\par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (2) Large fish like whales are not common prehistoric resources, but they were hunted in 
prehistory.\par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (3) Coastal people fish in shallow inlets or with small boats. \par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (4) Inland peoples come to the coast to collect during seasonal fish spawns (shad, salmon) 
or migrations (king mackerel, blue fish).\par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (5) Coastal fishing can support moderate population densities (e.g. prehistoric Japan, 
Northwest coast Native Americans, and the cod and herring fisheries of medieval Europe) 
in denser spatial agglomerations.\par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (6) Over-fishing, pollution, and sedimentation cause resource depletion. \par
}\pard 
{\plain \par
}{\plain (D)  Horticulture -\par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (1) Increases densities of selected native plants.\par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (2) Not simply for food, but also a pharmacopeia (medicines, stimulants).\par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (3) Moderate to good returns for minimal labor inputs.\par
}\pard 
{\plain \tab (4) Allows experimentation with new crops and creates domesticates.\par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (5) Supports moderate population levels in smaller geographical area.\par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (6) Moderate environmental depletion from regular land clearing (e.g. slash and burn) as 
fields are abandoned, but gardens\'92 soil shows steady improvement over time.\par
}\pard 
{\plain  \par
}{\plain (E)  Pastoralism - \par
}{\plain \tab (1) Regional management of herd animals such as cattle, sheep and goats.\par
}{\plain \tab (2) Produces not only meat, but also wool, hides, milk, blood and manure.\par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (3) Moderate labor inputs and regular movement of animals to new sources of fodder.\par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (4) Produces new animal varieties through selection by the pastoralist of animals with 
specific traits.\par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (5) Supports moderate population densities in fairly large geographical areas.\par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (6) Low environmental degradation in grasslands, highly damaging in other environments. \par
}\pard 
{\plain \par
}{\plain (F)  Agriculture - (see PB 11)\par
}{\plain \tab (1) Planting and harvesting of domesticated crops.\par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (2) Multiple sites of development, but earliest are about 12,000 years ago along the 
eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. \par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (3) Creates a storable surplus reducing short term risk.\par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (4) Requires high inputs of labor and resources, increasing long term risk.\par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (5) Supports high, but immobile (\'91sedentary\'92) population densities.\par
}\pard 
{\plain \tab (6) Limited variation in diet and resultant reduction in health.\par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (7) Urbanization increases susceptibility to human diseases.\par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (8) Hoarding and profiting from stored reserves exaggerates social inequality.\par
}\pard 
{\plain \par
}{\plain \b III. }{\plain \b\ul Ecological Processes}{\plain \par
}{\plain \par
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\pard 
{\plain (A) Domestication -\par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (1) Creation of new subspecies of plants and animals through domestic selection.\par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (2) Domesticated seeds tend to be physically larger than their wild ancestors, livestock 
tend to be much smaller. \par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (3) Domesticates tend to be less hardy, and most could not survive in the \'91wild.\'92\par
}\pard 
{\plain \tab (4) Dogs were the first domesticates, more than 10,000 years ago in the Pleistocene.\par
}\pard \fi-10080\li5760\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760 
{\plain (5) There are often multiple sites of domestication.  \tab \par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (6) Less than 10,000 years ago farmers in the Middle East domesticated early varieties of 
wheat, barley, lentils, chickpeas, peas, and flax, as well as sheep, pigs and goats. \par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (7) Rice, millet, chickens, pigs and water buffalo were domesticated in China.\par
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\pard \li720 
{\plain (8) Maize (corn), potatoes, cotton, beans, squash, pumpkins, chiles and avocado were 
domesticated in the Americas. \par
}\pard \fi-720\li720\tx720 
{\plain  \tab (9) People have a co_evolutionary relationship with plants and animals.\par
}\pard 
{\plain \par
}{\plain (B) Agricultural \'93Revolution\'94 -\par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (1) The idea that food production underwent a rapid transformation where yields were 
increased through better seed and planting technologies.\par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (2) However, such a revolution has yet to be detected. Instead, the evidence points to a 
series of small innovations over centuries.  Better conceived as a long string of trial-and-error experiments on a specific plant or animal species, isolated initially from one another 
and eventually coalescing into the agrarian way of life.\par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (3) Agricultural yields are a function of inputsof other forms of energy. In recent centuries, 
higher yields have resulted from greater inputs of human and mechanical labor and short 
term gains through mono-cropping, pesticides and herbicides,genetic engineering, and 
fertilizers.\par
}\pard 
{\plain \par
}{\plain (C) Sustainability -\par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (1) The idea that the requirements of humans, plants and animals can be met over the long 
term.   \par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (2) Sustainable systems are those that favor long term maintenance of resources over short 
term gains.\par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (3) Key elements of sustainability are }{\plain \ul biodiversity}{\plain , which allows the greatest number of 
potential responses to a changing environmental conditions, social knowledge (such as 
traditional environmental knowledge), social equality, and techniques that allow for 
resource regeneration. \par
}\pard 
{\plain \par
}{\plain  \par
}{\plain \b III. }{\plain \b\ul The Ways that Anthropologists Look at Economic Systems}{\plain \par
}{\plain \par
}{\plain (A) Economic systems concern the relationships among production, distribution and consumption.\par
}{\plain (B) Important elements are:\par
}{\plain \tab (1) the division of labor by gender, age, and economic class.\par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (2) scheduling of activities.\par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (3) cooperation within and between social groups.\par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (4) control of resources (land, tools, labor, markets)\par
}\pard 
{\plain \par
}{\plain (C) Types of Distribution:\par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (1) reciprocity, a socially constructed exchange of goods and labor. \par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (2) barter, involves an agreement between buyer and seller about value of the goods.\par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (3) redistribution of common goods by designated individuals.\par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (4) market exchange, buying and selling goods within a system of supply and demand.\par
}\pard \li720 
{\plain (5) currency, a widely accepted device used to make payments and measure value.}}